岩溶湿地表层水体CO₂分压时空分布特征及其扩散通量     

杨诗笛  吴攀  曹星星  刘闪  廖家豪 《湖泊科学》2021,33(3):854-865

为揭示岩溶湿地表层水体二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的时空分布规律及其扩散通量,以我国最大的岩溶湿地贵州威宁草海为研究对象,分别于2019年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)通过网格布点法,系统采集草海表层湿地水体,测定水样理化指标和离子组成,利用PHREEQCI软件计算水体pCO₂,并基于Cole提出的气体扩散模型估算水-气界面二氧化碳(CO₂)的扩散通量.结果表明:草海湿地表层水体丰水期pCO₂的变化范围为0.44~645.65μatm,平均值为(55.94±124.73)μatm;枯水期变化范围为35.48~707.95μatm,平均值为(310.46±173.54)μatm;丰水期水体整体pCO₂低于枯水期,空间上两期水体均呈现东部区域及河流入湖口处pCO₂较高,而中西部区域pCO₂欠饱和的特征.水-气界面CO₂的扩散通量在丰水期变化范围为-43.27~27.16 mmol/(m²·d),平均值(-34.49±12.93)mmol/(m²·d),枯水期变化范围为-33.36~28.15 mmol/(m²·d),平均值(-8.02±15.85)mmol/(m²·d),与其他岩溶湖库相比,水生植物丰富的草海在两个极端水文期CO₂扩散通量相对较低,总体表现为大气CO₂的汇.  相似文献   

由海面蒸发波导预报平流海雾的方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郭铁宝 《海洋预报》2004,21(4):40-47

在实际工作中发现：当雷达探测到海面存在蒸发波导现象时,该区域傍晚或次日出现平流海雾的概率很大,反之,当海面出现平流雾时,海面存在蒸发波导的概率也很大。本文试图阐明二者之间的关系,进而提出一种预报平流海雾的新方法。  相似文献   

A practical method for analysis of river waves and for kinematic wave routing in natural channel networks     

T. Moramarco  V. P. Singh 《水文研究》2000,14(1):51-62

The behaviour of river waves is described using a simplified dimensionless form of the momentum equation in conjunction with the continuity equation. Three dimensionless parameters were derived based on a quantitative linear analysis. These parameters, which depend on the Froude number of the steady uniform flow and the geometric characteristics of the river, permit quantification of the influence of inertia and pressure in the momentum equation. It was found that dynamic and diffusion waves occur mainly on gentle channel slopes and the transition between them is characterized by the Froude number. On the other hand, the kinematic wave has a wide range of applications. If the channel slope is greater than 1%, the kinematic wave is particularly suitable for describing the hydraulics of flow. Since slopes in natural channel networks are often greater than 1%, an analytical solution of the linearized kinematic wave equation with lateral inflow uniformly distributed along the channel is desirable and was therefore derived. The analytical solution was then implemented in a channel routing module of an existing simple rainfall–runoff model. The results obtained using the analytical solution compared well with those obtained from a non‐linear kinematic wave model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A Symmetrical Streamline Stabilization scheme for high advective transport     

E. Wendland  G. Schmid 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2000,24(1):29-45

An overview of numerical techniques and previous investigations related to the solution of advection‐dominated transport processes is presented. In addition a new Symmetrical Streamline Stabilization (S³) scheme is introduced. The basis of the technique is to treat the transport equation in two steps. In the first step the dispersion part is approximated by a standard Galerkin approach, while in the second step the advection is approximated by a least‐squares method. The two parts are reassembled, resulting in one system of equations. The resulting coefficients' matrix is symmetric. Only half of a sparse matrix needs to be stored. Robust iterative algorithms for symmetrical systems of equations such as the preconditioned conjugate gradient method (PCG) can be successfully used. The new method leads to an implicit introduction of an ‘artificial diffusion’ term. Solute transport with high Peclet and Courant numbers does not lead to oscillations due to an inherent upwind damping. The upwind effect acts only in flow direction. The efficiency of the new formulation in terms of accuracy and computation time is shown in comparison with the Galerkin approach for mesh parallel and mesh oblique high advective solute transport. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Gopher bioturbation: field evidence for non‐linear hillslope diffusion     

Emmanuel J. Gabet 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(13):1419-1428

It has generally been assumed that diffusive sediment transport on soil‐mantled hillslopes is linearly dependent on hillslope gradient. Fieldwork was done near Santa Barbara, California, to develop a sediment transport equation for bioturbation by the pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) and to determine whether it supports linear diffusion. The route taken by the sediment is divided into two parts, a subsurface path followed by a surface path. The first is the transport of soil through the burrow to the burrow opening. The second is the discharge of sediment from the burrow opening onto the hillslope surface. The total volumetric sediment flux, as a function of hillslope gradient, is found to be: q_s (cm³ cm⁻¹ a⁻¹) = 176(dz/dx)³ − 189(dz/dx)² + 68(dz/dx) + 34(dz/dx)^0·4. This result does not support the use of linear diffusion for hillslopes where gopher bioturbation is the dominant mode of sediment transport. A one‐dimensional hillslope evolution program was used to evolve hillslope profiles according to non‐linear and linear diffusion and to compare them to a typical hillslope. The non‐linear case more closely resembles the actual profile with a convex cap at the divide leading into a straight midslope section. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

福建惠安沿海大气扩散特性的数值分析与模拟     

蔡旭晖  康凌  陈家宜  胡二邦 《气候与环境研究》2005,10(1):63-71

用福建惠安地区的实测气象资料,结合风场诊断、轨迹分析和随机游走模拟方法,分析惠安核电厂所在地小尺度(40 km×40 km)范围内的大气扩散特性,并与现场扩散示踪实验数据比较.结果表明,该地区的扩散输送总体受天气系统和海陆风环流二因子影响.研究范围内的风场,在水平方向的空间变化不大,扩散烟流基本平直.海陆风环流因子所致的风场时间变化和风向摆动对当地扩散有重要意义.随机游走模拟方法较好地反映出当地大气扩散的定量特征,但复杂地形与海岸气象条件的联合作用,仍使模拟结果与示踪实验结果的统计比较显得离散.  相似文献   

锆石He扩散模型与中国典型克拉通盆地古老层系热史重建     

常健  邱楠生  李晨星  张建勇  李文正  付小东 《地球物理学报》2022,65(2):711-725

沉积盆地古老层系已成为我国油气勘探的重要领域,但由于缺乏有效古温标,其热史研究一直很薄弱.本文在系统综述锆石He扩散动力学模型及差异性基础上,探讨了锆石(U-Th)/He热定年技术在我国克拉通盆地古老层系热史恢复中的适用性.目前常用的锆石He扩散动力学模型包括简单模型、锆石辐射损伤积累和退火模型及扇形线性模型.基于不同...  相似文献   

新型预应力路基水平附加应力计算的图表法     

艾希  冷伍明  徐方  张期树  翟斌 《岩土力学》2020,41(1):253-266

水平预应力自坡面向路堤内的传播特征与扩散规律是预应力路基加固法需要解决的关键问题。基于弹性理论,推导了预应力路基内的水平附加应力计算公式,通过大量布点计算获得了6种典型坡率下预应力路基内的水平附加应力扩散系数图表,并分析了不同坡率和侧压板边长比下路基内水平附加应力扩散规律。研究表明：（1）可通过边坡坡率1:m、侧压板边长比l/b和计算点水平深度与板宽之比h/b三个无量纲参数,结合图表法快速、准确地获得预应力路基内任一点处的水平附加应力扩散系数KH;（2）不同路堤坡率下,板下（上）角点处水平附加应力扩散系数KHD(KHU)-h/b关系曲线基本趋同,板下角点处KHD随h/b的变化规律以临界板尺寸比(l/b)c为界,可分为先增后减和逐渐减小两种,而板上角点处KHU则随h/b的增加而逐渐减小;同一路堤坡率下,KH随l/b的增加而增大,但增加速率逐渐减小;（3）当侧压板距路肩线净距大于2.0倍板宽时,图表法插值所得附加应力与理论公式结果及数值仿真结果吻合良好,论证了图表法及理论公式的可靠性和适用条件。研究成果可为预应力路基设计提供一种快速且简便的设计参考蓝本,系一种高效集成法。  相似文献   

Modelling soil solute release and transport in run‐off on a loessial slope with and without surface stones          下载免费PDF全文

Wencai Dong  Song Cui  Qiang Fu  Quanjiu Wang  Chengpeng Cao 《水文研究》2018,32(10):1391-1400

Stone covers on loessial slopes can increase the time of infiltration by slowing the velocity of the overland flow, which reduces the transport of solutes, but few mechanistic models have been tested under water‐scouring conditions. We carried out field experiments to test a previously proposed, physically based model of water and solute transport. The area of soil infiltration was calculated from the uncovered surface area, and Richards' equation and the kinematic wave equation were used to describe water infiltration and flow along slopes with stone covers. The transport of chemicals into the run‐off from the surface soil, presumably by diffusion, and their movement in the soil profile could be described by the convection–diffusion equations of the model. The simulated and measured data correlated well. The stones on the soil surface reduced the area available for infiltration but increased the Manning coefficient, eventually leading to increased water infiltration and decreased solute loss with run‐off. Our results indicated that the traditional model of water movement and solute migration could be used to simulate water transport and solute migration for stone‐covered soil on loessial slopes.  相似文献   

Using a shifted Grünwald-Letnikov scheme for the Caputo derivative to study anomalous solute transport in porous medium     

Pedro Victor Serra Mascarenhas  Ricardo Mendonça de Moraes  André Luís Brasil Cavalcante 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(11):1956-1977

We propose an extension of the shifted Grünwald-Letnikov method to solve fractional partial differential equations in the Caputo sense with arbitrary fractional order derivative α and with an advective term. The method uses the relation between Caputo and Riemann-Liouville definitions, the shifted Grünwald-Letnikov, and the traditional backward and forward finite difference method. The stability of the method is investigated for the implicit and explicit scheme with homogeneous boundary conditions, and a stability criterion is found for the advective-dispersive equation. An application of the method is used to solve contaminant diffusion and advective-dispersive problems. The numerical solution for the fractional diffusion and fractional advection-dispersion is compared with their respective analytical solutions for different time and space grid refinements. The diffusion simulation exhibited a good fit between the analytical and numerical solutions, with the explicit scheme going from stable to unstable as the time and space refinement changes. The fractional advection-dispersion application produced small deviations from the analytical solution. These deviations, however, are analogous to the numerical dispersions encountered in conventional finite difference solutions of the advection-dispersion equation. The new method is also compared with the traditional L2 method. Notably, an example that involves asymmetrical fractional conditions, a fractional diffusivity that depends on time, and a source term show how the methods compare. Overall, this study assesses the quality and easiness of use of the numerical method.  相似文献